Energy Security in the Nordics

The Nordic energy cooperation is unique in the world. The shared power system is built on the strength of combining renewable and fossil‑free energy sources that flow freely across borders within a common market. Access to clean and reliable electricity has formed the foundation of the Nordic region’s competitiveness. But in a time marked by geopolitical uncertainty, threats of sabotage, and a more vulnerable European energy system, the old forms of cooperation are not necessarily sufficient. This report maps the state of Nordic energy  security cooperation across all eight Nordic jurisdictions: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. It assesses the region's energy systems, the existing cooperation architecture, the regional threat picture in the Baltic and Arctic regions, and the carrier-specific vulnerabilities in electricity, oil, and natural gas. It concludes with a roadmap of 25 recommendations for strengthening Nordic cooperation over the short term (zero to three years) and the medium term (three to ten years), complemented by country-specific recommendations for each of the eight jurisdictions.